AP Human Geo - 4.6 Internal Boundaries | Fiveable What is the "EEZ"? - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Medford, MA 02155 USA It does not give a coastal State the right to prohibit or limit freedom of navigation or overflight, subject to very limited exceptions. The United Nations (UN) Charter likewise provides that member states must keep from using forceor even the threat of forceagainst the territorial integrity of any state.However, territory and sovereignty over territory may be acquired by other means. The United Nations created the law of the sea to avoid conflict over the ocean by establishing laws that cover traditions and treaties. To demarcate the proverbial rules of the road, the LOSC permits coastal States to establish several different maritime zones. The U.S. is party to separate conventions and regional fisheries management organizations that govern international fishing activity. Privacy | is physically divided into several distinct segments, is highly centralized and often appears in the shape of a square, acts as a deterrent that prevents conflict between two much larger states, is completely surrounded by the territory of another state. Unit 4 Vocabulary - Political Geography 2 .pdf - AP Human / 56.000N 10.000E / 56.000; 10.000. What is Contempt of Court? Status: Unit 4: Political Organization of Space 5 weeks - OnCourse Systems If the entrance is equal to or less than 24 miles wide at low-tide, then a State may draw a straight baseline across the entrance, effectively making the entire bay internal waters. All rights reserved. Unlike the territorial sea, the contiguous zone only gives jurisdiction to a State on the oceans surface and floor.3 It does not provide air and space rights. Most African & Asian colonies became independent after WWII. Other rights and duties provided for under international law. The main challenges associated with these zones are how variations in geography affect where zones end and where new zones begin. (Units 1-7 Summarized) Mr. Sinn 393K views 1 year ago 13 AP Human Geography Unit 4 Review Mr. Sinn Political Boundary Disputes & The Law. Navigable waters at the boundary of a state or nation that are held to be within the jurisdiction of that nation or state, especially those ocean. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Boundary disputes have been a source of conflict and tension in many parts of the world and have contributed to the outbreak of wars and other violent conflicts. The United States was part of the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea in the 1970s and 1980s. As the only federal program dedicated to exploring our deep ocean, the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research plays a key role in this work. 200 . What is the difference between a nautical mile and a knot? NOAAs National Ocean Service. The rights of coastal States to regulate and exploit areas of the ocean under their jurisdiction are one the foundations of the LOSC. The law of the sea: Conflicts still arise even when strong laws are in place - one recent law of the sea example is conflict in the South China Sea. In order to expand, China seized one of the island chains called the Paracels from Vietnam in 1974. To save this word, you'll need to log in. These disputes may be fueled by a sense of historical or cultural attachment to the land or by a desire to protect traditional ways of life. It contains a vast array of natural resources, such as seafood, critical minerals, medicines, and areas of significant ecological and conservation value. Chapter 2: Maritime Zones - Law of the Sea - Tufts University Territorial Sea. When letters make sounds that aren't associated w One goose, two geese. However, it isn't practical in today's world as it would allow many nations around the world to exploit each other's' vital resources and deposit waste not far off another nations' coast. In general, a bay is a large indentation in a shoreline. AP Human Geography || Chapter 8 Flashcards | Quizlet The Heartland Theory suggests that the dominant power in the heartland will be able to project its influence over the rest of the world, including the surrounding "world islands" (Africa, Australia, and the Americas) and the "outer crescent" (the coastal regions of Europe and Asia). answer. Printer Friendly. Boundaries have always been fluid, so they can also bring about disputes. He later worked as a teacher and researcher, and he became one of the leading figures in the field of geography in Germany during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Located between the eastern and western halves of Libya, the Libyan government under Muammar Gadhafi in the 1970s attempted to draw a straight baseline across the Gulf of Sidra and declare it as internal waters. The LOSC provides that straight baselines must conform to the general direction of the coast and the sea area lying with the lines must be closely linked to the coast.15 Straight baselines cannot be drawn across low-tide elevations (see definition below). It outlines the freedoms of each country concerning the use of the ocean; provides rules for the safety of countries using the ocean; and dictates which pieces of the ocean will be given to each country. Seabed beyond a coastal States EEZs and Continental Shelf claims is known under the LOSC as the Area. Overall, the relationship between political power and territoriality is complex and multifaceted, and it plays a central role in the study of geopolitics. Territoriality is the connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land. When a line of latitude or longitude is used to delineate the political barrier between two states we call that boundary a geometric boundary. One famous example of a geometric boundary is the 49th parallel between the United States of America and Canada. Atolls are small, U-shaped islands or reefs which are made from coral. The Organic Theory was used to justify imperialism and territorial expansion by European powers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Territoriality is a way for animals, including humans, to mark their territory and defend it from intruders. The Contiguous Zone has limited sovereignty up to 24 nautical miles from the coast. The term high sea means two things: 1) No state can legally impose its rule on any part of the water and 2) Every part of the sea outside a territorial boundary is a high sea. EEZs of States worldwide constitute 38% of the oceans of earth that were considered part of the high seas prior to adoption of the LOSC. Boundaries can be established for a variety of reasons, such as to protect property or resources, to mark the limits of a political entity, or to distinguish one area from another. Centripetal & Centrifugal Forces in Geopolitics, Prorupted State, Elongated State & Fragmented State | Concepts, Examples & Shapes. As a consequence, States ranging from Canada to China have aggressively used straight baselines in ways that are not accepted by the U.S. States are not able to arbitrarily draw straight baselines in order to extend their maritime claims. While Grotius was able to win the argument in a court of law, saying that those waters were international and that the British should return the goods, the English did not concede as they were much more powerful during that time. Under international law, within its defined EEZ, a coastal nation has: The United States claimed a 200-nautical-mile EEZ in 1983 (Presidential Proclamation No. Treaty Overview, Examples & Laws | What is a Treaty? According to Mackinder, the "heartland," which includes areas such as Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia, is the pivot point of world politics because it is the largest contiguous landmass on earth and contains the majority of the world's population and resources. These three areas, collectively known as the continental margin, are rich in natural resources, including oil, natural gas and certain minerals. Which of these is an example of an elongated state? This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a . Territorial Sea - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Admiralty Law is in effect "High Seas" or international waters: For example, the people may not agree with the boundaries or other states may not recognize them. AP Human Geo - 4.8 Defining Devolutionary Factors | Fiveable It was an influential theory that sought to explain the relationship between a nation's population, territory, and power. Denmark is a Nordic country located in Northern Europe. Although the LOSC does not impose any limitations on fishing in the high seas, it encourages regional cooperation to conserve those resources and ensure their sustainability for future generations. Finally, rising sea levels threaten to alter the current demarcation of maritime zones. Main Phone +1 617-627-3700, Disclaimer | Bays are one of the more complex maritime features. It has also been heavily criticized for its naturalistic and deterministic approach, which fails to account for the complex and fluid nature of international relations. Examples include the U.S. annexation of Texas in 1845, and Germanys annexation of Austria in 1938. Islands do not need to be inhabited to create those maritime zones; they only need to be capable of sustaining human habitation or economic life. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Article 5, Dec. 10, 1982, 1833 U.N.T.S. A rock in the LOSC is defined as an island that is unable to support human habitation or economic life. AP Human Geo - What do I need to know for AP Human Geo Unit 4 Most nations did not recognize the claim because, under the LOSC, the baseline did not conform to the shape of the coast. The establishment of high seas was instituted by the Convention on the High Seas in 1958 and includes 63 signatories. A region of a country that is completely separated from the main body of that country. The CLCS uses scientists to evaluate States claims about the extent of their continental shelves and whether they conform to the Conventions standards. Ap Human Geography: Political Geography Vocabulary Answers - Flashcards Get access to high-quality and unique 50 000 college essay examples and more than 100 000 flashcards and test answers from around the world! AP Human Geography: Everything You Need To Know! Geography of Denmark. . Rock is a legal term and does not refer to any particular type of geological formation. She has a bachelor of science degree in environmental management from Columbia Southern University and a master of science degree in coastal and marine environments from the University of Ireland, Galway. . The geographic term for a country that is completely surrounded by the territory of more than one other country and has no direct access to the sea is landlocked. Being landlocked is generally considered to be a major disadvantage for a country because that countrymust rely on another country for any goods that are transported by sea. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. This zone exists to bolster a States law enforcement capacity and prevent criminals from fleeing the territorial sea. It is often in the interests of the parties involved to try to resolve disputes peacefully, as disputes can lead to conflict, hostility, and resentment if they are not resolved. and multi-state . A c c o m m o d a . Territorial Waters. Start studying Ap Human Geography unit 4 study guide. We learned that the first set of regulations regarding the sea was known as the The Freedom of the Seas doctrine based on a book by Hugo Grotius. It was eventually discarded because of issues with increased pollution and the plundering of natural resources. Ch. 8 AP Human Notes.docx - *DIAGRAM! Topics Page This was a doctrine that took effect in the 17th century and customarily limited each coastal nation's claims to three miles of territorial water off of their coast. According to Halford Mackinders Heartland Theory, a government that controls this region is likely to eventually dominate much of the world. TERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONE 23 SECTION 1. An "exclusive economic zone," or "EEZ" is an area of the ocean, generally extending 200 nautical miles (230 miles) beyond a nation's territorial sea, within which a coastal nation has jurisdiction over both living and nonliving resources. . Under the UNCLOS, states have the right to explore and exploit the resources of the high seas, subject to certain rules and conditions. A state's territorial sea, where it is sovereign, extends 19 kilometers (12 miles) into the sea. This presents a unique set of problems to the government and administration of fragmented states because there are physical barriers that prevent ease of transportation and limit the control that can be wielded by the centralized government. It has also been criticized for its deterministic and Eurocentric approach, which fails to account for the complexity and diversity of world politics. This issue is discussed in more detail in Chapter Ten: The South China Sea Tribunal. By measuring the thickness of sedimentary rocks, the edge of the shelf is drawn where sedimentary rocks become less than 1 percent of the thickness of the soil. The Rimland Theory suggests that the dominant power in the rimland will be able to project its influence over the rest of the world, including the "heartland" (the interior of the Eurasian landmass) and the "outer crescent" (the Americas and Australia). Two classic examples of fragmented states are Indonesia and the Philippines because they are states comprised of a few big islands and dozens of smaller islands. Boundary disputes can arise for a variety of reasons, such as changes in political or economic conditions, conflicting interpretations of treaties or agreements, or competing claims to natural resources or strategic territory. The coastal state controls the access by foreign nations into their territorial sea area. The UNCLOS also establishes a framework for the management of marine resources, including provisions on the rights of states to explore and exploit the resources of the seabed, the rights of states to fish in the high seas, and the rights of states to protect the marine environment. Spykman is considered one of the founders of the discipline of geopolitics and is known for his work on the concept of the "Rimland," which he developed in his book "The Geography of the Peace" (1944). These rights are described in detail in Chapter Three: Freedom of Navigation. Political power and territoriality are closely related concepts in the study of geopolitics. GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. Learn a new word every day. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. What Does The Term "International Waters" Mean? - WorldAtlas The UNCLOS also establishes the right of states to engage in activities such as scientific research, freedom of navigation, and the laying of submarine cables and pipelines on the high seas. Reefs are formations of coral, roughly shaped like mountains, which run just below the surface of the water. I feel like its a lifeline. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Rocks provide their owners with less control than islands, providing only a territorial sea and a contiguous zone. Accessed 1 May. However, there are ongoing controversies around the world over the definition of those features and the zones they should produce. UN Convention on the Law of the Sea: Summary | StudySmarter This dominion led to many problems between countries. Territorial waters - The area of sea around a country's coast recognized as being under that country's jurisdiction, set at 12 nautical miles in 1982. Within the contiguous zone, a State has the right to both prevent and punish infringement of fiscal, immigration, sanitary, and customs laws within its territory and territorial sea. One classic example of an exclave is Alaska because it is not part of the contiguous continental United States. Report an Error, Site Index Accessed July 06, 2017. Learn how the Law of the Sea works and see Law of the Sea examples. States can conduct activities in the Area so long as they are for peaceful purposes, such as transit, marine science, and undersea exploration. Due to the maritime features discussed later in this chapter, the U.S. has the largest EEZ in the world, totaling 3.4 million square nautical miles. The theory has been influential in shaping the foreign policies of various countries and has been used to justify naval expansion and military intervention in the rimland region. These nations also opposed Libyas claim to historical use due to a lack of demonstrated usage and its large size. Unlike the territorial sea and the contiguous zone, the EEZ only allows for the previously mentioned resource rights and the law enforcement capacity to protect those rights. (available at: US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. This hasn't stopped conflict from occurring, however, as most recently exemplified by the land and water claims in the South China Sea by China, Vietnam, and other nations. It also allows the coastal State to build artificial islands, installations, and structures. According to Spykman, the "rimland," which includes the coastal regions of Europe, Asia, and Africa, is the key to global dominance because it is the most economically and politically advanced region in the world. It is easy to see why, depending on the type of feature. This doctrine is no longer used because it had many issues, mainly it increased pollution and plundered natural resources. As already discussed, rocks and low-tide elevations create much smaller zones of control than islands. This is the primary distinction between internal waters and territorial seas. Choose one of the following three options to assist in the process of learning the vocabulary: 1. Example of multiple countries claim over pieces of the North Sea in Europe. Political power and territoriality can also be closely related in the sense that the control of territory can be used as a way of asserting or defending political power. It proposes that the "heartland," a region located in the interior of the Eurasian landmass, is the most important area in the world because it is the center of the world's land power. Ratzel was born in Karlsruhe, Germany, and studied natural sciences, history, and philosophy at the University of Munich. These disputes can arise over islands, border regions, or other areas that are perceived to have strategic or economic value. Download image (jpg, 146 KB). The LOSC states that the Area is considered the common heritage of all mankind12 and is beyond any national jurisdiction. Supranationalism, Devolution & Democratization | Concepts, Forces, & Examples. Maritime boundary disputes: Maritime boundary disputes involve conflicting claims to the rights to explore and exploit the resources of the oceans and seas. Although not a signatory of LOSC, The U.S. established an EEZ by Presidential Proclamation in 1983. For When 'Lowdown Crook' Isn't Specific Enough. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. As technology progressed after the 19th century, nations realized that they not only had to protect their local fish stocks but other resources, such as offshore oil fields. An exclave is a region of a country that is completely separated from the main body of that country, usually by the borders of another country. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Ratzel is known for his work on the concept of Lebensraum, which he developed in his book "Political Geography" (1897). This international body, headquartered in Jamaica, is responsible for administering these resource projects through a business unit called the Enterprise. A region of a country that is completely separated from the main body of that country. This new doctrine specified who could pass through their waters. The high seas are considered to be a global commons, and are governed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). This seaward extension is geologically formed as the seabed slopes away from the coast, typically consisting of a gradual slope (the continental shelf proper), followed by a steep slope (the continental slope), and then a more gradual slope leading to the deep seabed floor. Agricultural Hearths | Diffusion of Agriculture, Geography & Origins, AP Comparative Government and Politics: Exam Prep, GED Social Studies: Civics & Government, US History, Economics, Geography & World, CSET Social Science Subtest II (115) Prep, ILTS Social Science - Sociology and Anthropology (249) Prep, Introduction to Political Science: Help and Review, Introduction to Political Science: Tutoring Solution, UExcel Introduction to Sociology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Common Core History & Social Studies Grades 11-12: Literacy Standards, GACE Middle Grades Social Science (015) Prep, GACE Health & Physical Education (615) Prep, Create an account to start this course today. The LOSC specifically defines the various maritime zones and features. The Paracels and Spratlys are two island chains at the center of a territorial dispute involving the law of the sea in the South China Sea. LOSC, Article 136. There are two methods to determine the extent of a continental margin under the LOSC. A perforated state is a state that __________. Mackinder argued that the heartland, which includes areas such as Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia, is the pivot point of world politics because it is the largest contiguous landmass on earth and contains the majority of the world's population and resources. War Crimes Overview & List | What is a War Crime? For instance, under the law, the international community is allowed use of navigational features such as straits or canals, such as the relatively narrow Bosporus strait controlled by Turkey. Topics Page Ch. Which of these descriptions most accurately describes an exclave? Types of political boundaries include relic, superimposed, subsequent, antecedent, geometric, and consequent boundaries. Ap Human Geography unit 4 study guide Flashcards | Quizlet Possible Answers: None of these answers is correct. They are also an important source of food, minerals, and other resources, and are home to a diverse array of marine life. Ratzel's theory was influential in shaping the foreign policies of various countries and was used to justify imperialism and territorial expansion by European powers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. 200 nautical mile (230 mile) exclusive economic zone. It has also been criticized for its deterministic and Eurocentric approach, which fails to account for the complexity and diversity of world politics. Non-Discrimination | Which of these is an example of an exclave? The world needed more informed and defined laws that would articulate the needs of different countries' claims on the ocean. QUIZ NEW SUPER DRAFT. There are some theories that aim to explain this. Disputes can be resolved in a number of ways, including through negotiation, mediation, or arbitration.
