Mishra, S., Fegley, B. D., Diesner, J., & Torvik, V. I. 267278). Eventually, strict regulations and vaccine rollouts were implemented with enough success to begin to slow case growth [4]. (2019), in publishing a vast compendium of citation data on some 100,000 Highly Cited Researchers, have likewise included, not excluded, self-citation in their analysis and reported its extent by author, employing co-author self-citation rates. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,62(2), 230235. It is important to recognize that citation counts grow over 2018; Baccini et al. A series of disconnected points, rather more extended than in other fields, lies above this crossing the low and then the high indicative outlier threshold. In total, 9,141 from 1900-2015 and 4,593 from 2016-2020 endometrial cancer related studies were identified with the USA having the largest numbers of publications, citations, institutions, as well as the highest country-specific h-Index concerning endometrial cancer research in both periods. Ioannidis et al. The citation rate for all years is the total number of citations received by all papers in all fields published during the 10-year period divided by the total number of papers. table reveals that papers from 2011 that received at least 14 citations fall in the 10% percentile of papers in Microbiology. interpreted as representing the central tendency of the distribution. Analysis of the world's 20 largest publishers by volume, ranked by average number of citations in 2020 received by articles published in 2017, 2018 and 2019 (Dimensions, 2021). 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705-2221 Google Scholar. period. Regional cases increased rapidly over the next weeks, and scientists worldwide began to take notice. Citation Rates - Clarivate Communism, universalism and disinterestedness: Re-examining contemporary support among academics for Mertons scientific norms. 2: r=0.55, N=240 researchers, P<0.001) and for the ESI field of Engineering (r=0.59, N=225 researchers, P<0.001). Kaplan, N. (1965). 2010; Gul et al. [59][60] The latter model is even used as a predictive tool for determining the citations that might be obtained at any time of the lifetime of a corpus of publications. relatively few highly cited papers. Problems of citation analysis: A critical review. It is used by academic institutions in decisions about academic tenure, promotion and hiring, and hence also used by authors in deciding which journal to publish in. New York, NY. World flash on basic research: The influence of author self-citations on bibliometric macro indicators. Bornmann, L., Adams, J., & Leydesdorff, L. (2018). [6] examined OA article citation performance in the field of civil engineering, in terms of jour- . By analyzing a global sample of 4 million authors and 26 million scientific papers, this study finds that the top 1% most-cited scientists have increased their cumulative citation shares from 14 to 21% between 2000 and 2015 and that the Gini coefficient for citation imbalance has risen from 0.65 to 0.70. 2019). Your parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. From one perspective, self-citation functions in the same way as any cited reference appended to a paper: it points to publications on which the present work depends, is related, or is positioned by the author. (As noted above: central range is a descriptive, non-technical term used to indicate the consistent plateau of similar Highly Cited Researcher self-citation rates within each field that appears to reflect typical cultural self-citation behaviour.). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195773. Institutions (Glnzel et al. Non-citation rates vary enormously by field. The Thomas theorem and the Matthew effect. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.5090140304. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. For additional information on how FWCI is calculated, see the Snowball Metrics Recipe Book (page 55). (2013). Relevant data are summarised for reference in Appendix Tables2 and 3. Moreover, studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that "reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank",[14] contrary to widespread expectations. This is most easily interpreted on the linear plot, whereas statistical sense would suggest that the data should be log-plotted because of the skewed negative binomial distribution. [53] Their analysis identifies universal impact metrics, such as the field-normalized h-index. The linear thresholds were therefore plotted on the log-plots rather than calculating a log-normal value which would have been very inclusive with few indicative outliers. New insights into the relationship between the h-Index and self-citations? The average citation per article for these publications was 8.1. Recent publications exhibit lower citation impact due to the fact that older papers have The practical intention of a graphical method is that the threshold value applied to plotted data should identify exceptional instances of high self-citation compared to the normal range for that field and that set of researchers. A FWCI greater than 1.00 means the article is more cited than expected according to the average. (2018). Clarivate Analytics Essential Science Indicators (ESI) is another resource. Geoderma,155(34), 434438. The 10-year For months after, cases and fatalities rose at staggering clips as governing bodies worldwide grappled with the best measures to contain the virus. 2019). Gaming the metrics: Misconduct and manipulation in academic research. In fact, later in the 1980s Merton predicted it in conversations with staff at the Institute for Scientific Information (D. Pendlebury, pers. Correspondence to Science Studies,1(1), 9599. Tahamtan, I., & Bornmann, L. (2019). Quantity of citations for Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 articles with median and range values across all fields. Seven myths in bibliometrics about facts and fiction in quantitative science studies. Publications, 8(2), 17. an assay to measure the concentration of proteins, "Citation Indexes for Science: A New Dimension in Documentation through Association of Ideas", "Citation Frequency as a Measure of Research Activity and Performance", "Can Researchers Bank on Citation Analysis? We thank our ISI colleagues, particularly Ross Potter, Gordon Rogers and Josh Schnell, for their advice and suggestions during the development of this work. table reveals that on average, a paper from a Geosciences research field published in 2008 received 9.55 citations, and a paper from an Immunology research field published in 2008 received 20.42 citations. [54] Field-dependent factors are usually listed as an issue to be tackled not only when comparison across disciplines are made, but also when different fields of research of one discipline are being compared. Minasny, B., Hartemink, A. E., & McBratney, A. Mathematics is a relatively small ESI field (97 Highly Cited Researchers) and it is possibly composed of a number of distinct sub-fields (see Bensman et al. Glnzel, W. (2008). 5a, b). This certainly cautions against any simple test of inappropriate behaviour and confirms the need for informed scrutiny and interpretation. Scientometrics,113(2), 11991207. A percentile defines a fraction or subset of papers in a research field that received a minimum number of citations. dividing the total number of citations received by all papers in the group Toward the discovery of citation cartels in citation networks. However, a recent meta-analysis showed that the advantage of open-access is debatable with many studies showing no difference in citation rates andquality and heterogeneity concerns posing challenges for generalization [22]. (You should maintain double-spacing throughout your essay.) Research Policy,48(2), 401413. Are citations indicative or predictive of translational or clinical applications? We emphasize the labelling we use for these two because there is potential confusion in the terms self citing and self cited, which have been used elsewhere. Trimble, V. (1986). Scientometrics,77(2), 373375. Are sociologists publications uncited? useful reference points for comparison and they are the basis of normalization to overcome subject bias. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1212540. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02017571. 2019; Kacem et al. For everything except humanities, those numbers are far from 90% but they are still high: One third of social science articles go uncited! We estimated the effect of Covid-19 subject on citation counts using a negative binomial regression model. (2016). Furthermore, publication and citation data are universally skewed and we will show that this is true of the range of self-citation rates across researchers. Hundreds of extreme self-citing scientists revealed in new database This equates to a Covid-19: non-Covid-19 ratio of 5.58 citations per article. Is the researcher a senior investigator with a long record of publication? https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23728. Those citations are from articles published Publish or Perish, Commercial versus Open Access, Internet versus Libraries? We believe that it is more intuitive to link self referencing to the analysis of a publications reference list. In 2017 and 2018, 20.8% of PLOS publications and 12.2% of BMC publications provided DAS containing a link to data in a repository. (2016). The other side of the coin: The intricacies of author self-citations. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.200910360. 2. In a study based on the Web of Science database across 118 scientific disciplines, the top 1% most-cited authors accounted for 21% of all citations. In 2022, women earned an average of 82% of what men earned, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of median hourly earnings of both full- and part-time workers. The correlation between the rates of self-citation to and from the highly cited papers of each researcher was calculated and was highly significant within every field. In response, the scientific field has dedicated enormous amounts of resources to researching the virus and its effects. will be below the citation rate for all years. The 2020 Journal Impact Factors,published in the 2021 Journal Citation Report, are based on citations in 2020 to articles published in 2018 and 2019. A high rate of self-referencing may reflect research in a specialty area or convey a pattern of a cohesive and sustained research program (Cooke and Donaldson 2014). These results are similar to where the pay gap stood in 2002, when women earned 80% as much as men. The key to interpretation is the need to determine the relationship between summary citation impact and fundamental research influence. What do citation counts measure? 2016; Heneberg 2016; Fong and Wilhite 2017; Zaggl 2017; Scarpa et al. Only Covid-19 articles within the Medicine, General, and Internal category were significantly affected by the field itself with a 28% boost in citation rate relative to non-Covid-19 articles (p = 0.029, 95%CI [0.132.43]). Engqvist, L., & Frommen, J. G. (2010). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153730. Leblond, M. (2012). A negative binomial regression model was used to assess for potential confounding variables (Table 3). If these papers were suppressed then this would not only be an appropriate signal to the offender and their co-authors but also serve to remove offensive noise from the research information system. Each graph includes Q1, Median, Q3 and the lower and upper thresholds (set at 1.5 and 3 times the inter-quartile range, IQR) for indicative outliers (see Fig. There are 4 Frontiers journals in the top 10% in at least one category, and 23 journals are in the top 25%. Small, H. (2004). https://doi.org/10.4033/iee.2014.7.1.e. The distribution of the average percentage of references that were to self-papers and citations that were from self-papers for each Highly Cited Researcher was calculated. "[63], "Citation metric" redirects here. The Frontiers Neuroscience journal series includes all Frontiers journals in the field of Neuroscience. (2018). This means that other publications such as letters, editorials, perspectives, and opinions were not included in our search criteria which leaves a large number of publications out of the study. 1 with the parameters of a lognormal fit to a negative binomial distribution. . Manipulation of explicit reputation in innovation and knowledge exchange communities: The example of referencing in science. ScienceDirect is a database that contains over 25% of the worlds science, technology and medicine full text and bibliographic information (journals and books) published by Elsevier and other publishers. Many of our journals rank among the most influential in their fields, including the most cited in neurosciences, immunology, microbiology, plant science, and psychology. Average citation rate for publications in a number research fields. Informed judgment is, as elsewhere in good research management, an essential step in valid decision-making. Note: RCRs are only available for articles in PubMed. Soares, J. LibGuides: Essential Science Indicators: Learn the Basics In addition, the average number and age of the references, and the ratio of new publications in the field and the total number of publications play a role . Use the Cited References feature to find a work, then select Find Citing Articles. An index to quantify an individuals scientific research output. eLIFE, 8, article number e45374. Whilst in Sociology the number of references, the article length, and title length are among the factors. Referencing as persuasion. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02016632. Each discipline makes an equal contribution to the metric, which eliminates differences in researcher citation behavior. By contrast the calculation of a self-citation rate divides all citations to self by all citations received from self and others, and both accumulate over time. Merton, R. K. (1957). See Tables1, 2 and 3; Figs. (2018). See the Establishing Your Author Name tab. The journal citation reports (SCI edition) with and without journal self-citations. Seeber, M., Cattaneo, M., Meoli, M., & Malighetti, P. (2019). 237280). 46(1) 118-130 The Author(s) 2019 . [18] The best-known measures include the h-index[19] and the g-index. papers that meet the criteria for inclusion in Essential Science Indicators. (2013). So we would take 8 + 5 + 5 + 5 = 23 citations. Scarpa, F., Bianco, V., & Tagliafico, L. A. The fourth age of research. This holds even when article volume is equated using a 1:1 sample of non-Covid to Covid articles as median citation is six times greater for the Covid-19 articles. Part I: Articles and their characteristics", Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, "Relation between online "hit counts" and subsequent citations: Prospective study of research papers in the BMJ", "Can Tweets Predict Citations? Social Studies of Science,7(1), 113122. van Raan, A. F. J. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(198601)37:1%3c34:AID-ASI5%3e3.0.CO;2-0. 4. 2006; Schubert et al. The publication channels for many Highly Cited Researchers are the journals readily recognised as leading in their field, but this is not the case for some prolific self-citers. 2017; Mishra et al. Any paper published in the 10-year period may be cited by any other paper published during the same period. Lin, W. Y. C., & Huang, M. H. (2012). B = the total number of citations published during 2020 and 2021. A concise review on the role of author self-citations in information science, bibliometrics and science policy. Journal self-citations: Analyzing the JIF mechanism. Impact than biochemistry & molecular biology. The phenomenon of self-citation has long interested bibliometricians, sociologists of science, and scientists and scholars themselves (Kaplan 1965; Meadows and OConnor 1971; Chubin and Moitra 1975; Narin 1976; Tagliacozzo 1977; Porter 1977; Garfield 1979; Lawani 1982; Peritz 1983; Brooks 1985, 1986; Trimble 1986;Merton 1988; MacRoberts and MacRoberts 1989; Bonzi and Snyder 1991; Bott and Hargens 1991, for example). An exact calculation of Prices Law for the Law of Lotka. Thus, data include a combination of open-access and subscription-based publications in the non-Covid-19 articles. Examples: For Articles in the field . We anticipate that these findings could be of value to journals editors and researchers when considering efforts for future publications. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02458493. The authors are employees of the Institute for Scientific Information, which is a part of Clarivate Analytics, the owners of the Web of Science Group. The gender gap in pay has remained relatively stable in the United States over the past 20 years or so. Journal of Education and Social Policy,2, 7579. 10-year period may be cited by any other paper published during the same Cham: Springer. Ioannidis, J. P. A., Baas, J., Klavans, R., & Boyack, K. W. (2019). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,102(46), 1656916572. Price, D. J. D. (1971). Scientometrics,66(1), 7180. `Amongst all fields, only articles categorized as Medicine, General, or Internal according to WOS see a bump (28%) in citation rates that can be attributed to the field itself. The 2020 CiteScores are based on citations received in 2017-2020 to articles, reviews, conference papers, book chapters, and data papers published in 2017-2020, and divides this by the number of these documents published in 2017-2020. Of the 10 cities in our study where buying is more favorable than renting, five are in the Midwest. PLoS Biol. Example: An article published in October 2017 has been cited 8 times in 2017, 5 times in 2018, 5 times in 2019, 5 times in 2020, and 15 times in 2021. This term is used to denote any fixed fraction of top papers ordered by citation count. Many have observed that the term self-citation is frequently used to mean two different forms or modes of self-mention: self-referencing (cited reference to self within a list in ones own publication); and self-citing (citations from ones own work among all citations to ones publications). To calculate the RCR, we first need to determine the average annual citation rate for the article (citations / years). PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, PLoS ONE, 11(4), article number e0153730. InCites Benchmarking & Analytics is a research analytics tool. 8,835 of these papers received a number of citations that placed them in the top 1% of all Engineering papers in the past 10 years. More radical approaches would identify more of the researchers close to but above the high end of the central range as requiring investigation, but this could perhaps also enable a focus on individual cases where an unusually high rate of self-cites may be justifiable for topic-specific reasons. Although the trajectory changes and the range extends beyond the high threshold there is no break with the overall distribution. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.45374. Citation impact is a measure of how many times an academic journal article or book or author is cited by other articles, books or authors. A note on self-citation rates in astronomical papers. The method to calculate the impact factor of The Social Science Journal is as follows. Each table contains citation data for the past ten years. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific,98(610), 13471348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.02.009. Qualifiers and confounding issues immediately arise when asking what constitutes excessive or extreme levels of author self-citation. Welcome to the Next Generation Essential Science Indicators. 1.5 times the inter-quartile range as for box-plots) for each field. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0271071, Editor: Ayman Elbehiry, Qassim University, College of Public Health and Informatics, SAUDI ARABIA, Received: February 26, 2022; Accepted: June 22, 2022; Published: July 27, 2022. The self-citation pattern is different to other sciences and rates appear generally to be higher. Space Science has an exceptional level of self-referencing, which is presumably also a consequence of the nature of research in that area. When negative binomial regression is used to minimize the influence of other variables such as article number variation and field of research, Covid-19 papers have still experienced more than 80% increase in citations relative to non-Covid-19 papers. This number dips only slightly to 82% when the smaller, randomized sample is compared. Another baseline measure is the all-years citation rate, which is the citation rate for a 10-year period. Evaluative bibliometrics: The use of publication and citation analysis in the evaluation of scientific activity. (2020). 129-144). 2019); and, 5%, using author self-citation (Kacem et al. 2018; Copiello 2019; Ioannidis and Thombs 2019). The same data are shown as a linear plot and a log plot. Scientometrics,59(1), 6377. Typically, the citation rate of papers published in the last three years are below the citation rate for all years. We find that, across 24 open-access and subscription-based scientific journals, Covid-19 papers published in the past 2 years currently have a median citation rate of 120.79 compared to 21.63 for non-Covid-19 papers. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2018.07.009. We describe this graphical procedure for identifying exceptional self-citation rates but emphasize the necessity for expert interpretation of the citation profiles of specific individuals, particularly in fields with atypical self-citation patterns. Campanario, J. M. (2011). The problem will arise if cronyism occurs only in isolated instances. Merton, R. K. (1988). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.01.009. 2, are collated in the Appendix ( Figs. Note that we are excluding citations from 2017, as RCRs exclude the first calendar year in which the article was published. Science,335(6068), 542543. Authorship and citation manipulation in academic research. You can find an article's field normalized citation metrics in either iCite or Scopus. 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